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385
CHALLENGES, PREDICTIONS,
PERSPECTIVES
DÉFIS, (PRÉ)VISIONS, PERSPECTIVES
CHANGING CITIES:
CHANGING CITIES:
VILLES EN
TRANSFORMATION :
VILLES EN
TRANSFORMATION :
Juliana
Hadjitchoneva
Radosveta
Krastanova
&
Sous la direction de
Edited by
CHANGING CITIES:
CHALLENGES, PREDICTIONS, PERSPECTIVES
DÉFIS, (PRÉ)VISIONS, PERSPECTIVES
VILLES EN TRANSFORMATION :
Ce volume, à la croisée des thématiques, des disciplines et
des approches méthodologiques, interroge de façon
conjointe l'hyper-complexité des transformations de nos
villes contemporaines, les modes de les concevoir, de les
construire, de les vivre et de les habiter. L'analyse des enjeux
relatifs à la planification, l'aménagement et la gouvernance
des villes s'accompagne de la définition d'hypothèses et
scénarios de développement urbain via des études
théoriques, modèles, projets et bonnes pratiques.
Le volume s'inscrit dans le prolongement des
manifestations scientifiques organisées par le Centre de
réussite universitaire de la Nouvelle université bulgare, en
collaboration avec AUF – Europe centrale et orientale et
l'Institut français en Bulgarie. Il réunit les contributions de
33 auteurs – chercheurs, jeunes chercheurs et praticiens,
présentées pendant les sessions du premier Colloque
international Villes en transformation : défis, (pré)visions,
perspectives, qui s'est tenu à la Nouvelle université bulgare
de Sofia du 18 au 20 octobre 2018.
This volume, at the crossroads of themes, disciplines and
methodological approaches, jointly questions the hyper-
complexity of the transformations of our contemporary
cities, the modes of designing, building, living and
inhabiting them. The analysis of issues relating to planning,
development and governance of cities is accompanied by
the definition of hypotheses and scenarios of urban
development via theoretical studies, models, projects and
good practices.
The volume is a continuation of the scientific events
organised by the AcademicExcellence Center of the New
Bulgarian University in collaboration with AUF – Central
and Eastern Europe and the French Institute in Bulgaria. It
brings together the contributions of 33 authors –
researchers, young researchers and practitioners, discussed
during the sessions of the First International Conference
Changing Cities: Challenges, (Pre)Visions, Perspectives,
held at the New Bulgarian University in Sofia on October
18–20, 2018.
NEW
BULGARIAN
UNIVERSITY
Centre de réussite universitaire | Center for Academic Achievements
Département d’administration et gestion |
Department of Administration and Management
Département d’architecture | Department of Architecture
Département de sciences économiques | Department of Economy
Département de sciences politiques | Department of Political Science
Colloque International | International Conference
«Villes en transformation: défis, (pré)visions; perspectives»
«Changing Cities: Challenges, Predictions, Perspectives»
Sofia, 18–20.10.2018
Nouvelle université bulgare | New Bulgarian University
341
CONTEMPORARY MULTILEVEL
LIVING ROOM SPACE
Kliment IVANOV
ABSTRACT
The living room space on several levels is a manifestation of design
excellence within the constraints of a house. I have researched the
multilevel living room space during the last decade throughout the
world. My aim is to take a snapshot of the contemporary notion of this
space and its role in the modern dwelling. I investigate the frequency
of execution and the geographical distribution of the houses with such
space in comparison with the ordinary ones. I consider these two aspects
of importance because they indicate the popularity of and the demand for
the multilevel living room space. I rely on two main sources of scientific
information: professional periodicals (magazines) and professional
publications (books) from the end of the last century till now. I also
speculate about the selection of the examples for these publications. In
addition, I propose an illustrated classification of the multilevel living
room space according to the height of the space.
Keywords: Multilevel space, Living room, Interior, House, Loft
“Place … contributes to our identity, it is where
we can dwell rather than merely reside.”
(Buchanan, 2012)
This paper presents a research on the living room space on several levels
during the last decade. Its aim is to take a snapshot of the contemporary no-
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342
tion of multilevel living room space throughout the world and its role in the
modern dwelling.
The paper is part of an on-going research on the topic which I have been
carrying during the last several years. It is focused on the multilevel living
room space in houses (single-family residential buildings) only. Initially I
had the intention for a wider scope that encompasses this kind of space in
all types of residential buildings. However, during the process I concluded
that the problems were far too complex for a single study and that the apart-
ment buildings (multi-family residential buildings) should remain a subject
of a separate research.
Image 1. Marcio Kogan (Studio MK27)– Gama Issa House, 2001, São Paulo,
Brazil © Arnaldo Pappalardo
Source: www.yatzer.com
Living Room
The living room has always been a subject for research merely as one of
the many rooms in the house. Nevertheless, it is the most significant place
in the dwelling, “often thought of as the centre of the home” (Schittich, 2005,
p. 15) and needs to receive more attention. The living room space provides
the greatest opportunity for architectural expressiveness in the house and I
believe it deserves a separate research.
C M L R S
343
Multilevel Living Room Space
Image 2. Olson Kundig– Meg Home, 2016, Seattle, USA © Nic Lehoux
Source: discoverbrombal.com
The living room space on several levels is the most impressive form of
living room space. It is a manifestation of design excellence within the boun-
daries of a residential building. This spatial scheme has enormous potential
for improvement of the quality of the dwelling experience.
This type of living room space can be characterized in several expres-
sions:
• Spaceonseverallevels
• Multilevelspace
• Multistoreyspace
Space on several levels is an elaborate expression that is not suited
well for frequent use. I attempted to coin a term to make it shorter and more
convenient. Initially I chose the term multistorey space. But during my work I
determined that it would be more precise to use the attribute multilevel instead
of multistorey. Multistorey presupposes that there are at least two storeys in
the space of the living room, and at least one of them has the full-height of a
storey. In many of the cases in the living room space, there are one or several
levels with intermediate heights, which do not correspond to the heights of
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344
the storeys of the house. Multilevel provides better general description that
encompasses all the cases and can be used as the main term.
History
Image 3. Le Corbusier– Maisons pour Artisans, 1924,
not located © Fondation Le Corbusier
Source: www.fondationlecorbusier.fr
Multistorey living room space has existed since the beginning of Modern-
ism. The grand master of contemporary architecture Le Corbusier was one
of the first architects who experimented with it. He used it both into small
houses for artisans and massive residences for upper class representatives.
In the beginning, he dreamed of it as an instrument to design inexpensive
dwellings for workers, which can be mass-produced by industrial means.
Later, when he better understood its spatial qualities and design potential,
he implemented it in the grand modern mansions for his richer.
At the same time in the former Soviet Union multilevel living room
space was tested as a solution to the housing crisis after the Revolution.
“In 1926, the Soviet architectural journal Sovremennaia Arkhitektura (SA,
“Contemporary Architecture”) announced a “Comradely Competition for
C M L R S
345
Communal Housing” and invited architects to design highly ecient and
mass-buildable buildings to facilitate communal living.” (McKay & Perunkov,
2015). Again, it was used with the intention to save space in the design for
communal dwellings for ordinary people.
Nowadays we understand much better both the potential and the short-
comings of this spatial scheme. It is a grand, luxurious, and opulent solution.
In this capacity, it has to be used not when we try to save space, but when we
have an ample amount of it. Le Corbusier imagined and designed houses
with multilevel living room space for the poor people but ended up building
such houses only for the rich ones. In my opinion, this is the main reason
today we associate this type of space with only with houses of rich people.
This inherited misguided association often predefines a negative choice of
the client for this spatial scheme.
Multilevel living room space occurs in great variety of types that can be
classified according to dierent criteria. Here, I present an illustration of the
most important of these criteria– according to the height of the space. It
includes three possible cases:
One and a half storey high– x1½
Two storeys high– x2
More than two storeys high– x2+
In the first case (One and a half storey high), the height of the living
room space does not reach the height of two storeys. It is typically formed
by a utilized pitched roof space or a raised flat ceiling over (the main) part
of the living room. There is no gallery and in most occasions, the house is a
single-storey building. The case can be marked up for short as x1½.
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Types according to the height of the space
Image 4. Multilevel living room space types according
to the height of the space © Kliment Ivanov
In the second case (Two storeys high), the height of the living room
space matches the full height of the two storeys. With a flat roof scenario,
the two-storey-high area covers the entire living room. With a pitched roof
scenario, the two-storey-high area is above the gallery and the height varies
over the other parts of the room. Usually there is a gallery. It can be marked
up for short as x2.
In the third case (More than two storeys high), the height of the liv-
ing room space spans several storeys. There is a distinct area, called void,
with the height of all the storeys (atrium type) or several areas with various
heights (ladder type). There usually are several galleries or platforms. It can
be marked up for short as x2+.
The above is just one of the classifications of multilevel living room space.
A detailed study of all the classifications by dierent criteria is a subject of
another paper that I am working on.
C M L R S
347
Research
The paper presents a survey of houses which have a multilevel living
room space throughout the world. Its aim is to examine two important aspects
for these houses, in comparison with the other (ordinary) houses:
Frequency of execution– popularity;
Geographical distribution– according to countries and continents.
The survey does not claim to be a statistical investigation. It does not
try to retrieve definitive statistical information. Its aim is to identify attitudes
and tendencies among the general public, i.e. clients. It is an overview for
architectural practitioners that will inform them about the popularity and
distribution of multilevel living room space in the present housing market.
The scope of the survey comprises two main sources of scientific infor-
mation:
• Professionalpressandperiodicals–magazines;
• Professionalpublications–books.
All of them are dedicated to the theme of houses, and precisely– single
family detached houses. They provide coverage of countries worldwide, with
a focus on the developed countries in Europe, the Americas and Japan.
The period of the survey comprises the end of the 20th and the beginning
of the 21st century. The magazines cover a period of exactly 10 years up to
the present year. The period of the books is extended with 5 to 10 years back
due to the delay, necessary for writing and publishing the books.
Publications
The Architectural Record magazine is one of the most renowned profes-
sional architectural periodical in the world. It is a USA magazine and is closely
related to the American Institute of Architects (AIA). It is issued monthly and
each issue is dedicated to a specific topic.
The magazine has an annual themed issue, Record Houses, dedicated
to houses. It has world coverage but oddly– without Germany and the UK.
About 30% of the houses are in the USA.
I have reviewed a period of exactly 10 years, from 2018 to 2009.
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Magazines
Image 5. Publications– Architectural Record Magazine © Kliment Ivanov
Architectural Record Magazine
Table 1. Architectural Record Magazine– Houses throughout the world
issu e theme house
s
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%countr
ies countries
05/2018 Record Hous es 2018 6 1 17% 5 Brazil, France, Japan,
Mexico, USA
06/2017 Record Houses 2017 8 4 50% 6 Canad a, Chile, France,
Japan, Spain, USA
04/2016 Record Houses 2016 8 2 25% 5 Canad a, France, Japan ,
Spain, USA
04/2015 Record Houses 2015 8 2 25% 4 Italy, Japa n, Spain, USA
04/2014 Record Houses 2014 8 4 50% 4 Brazil, Holland, Spain, USA
04/2013 Record Houses 2013 7 2 29% 6 Argentina, Japan, Portugal,
Spain, Switzerland, USA
04/2012 Record Houses 2012 9 4 44% 6 Belgium, Canada, Germany,
Japan, Switzerland, USA
04/2011 Record Houses 2011 6 3 50% 4 Brazil, Japan, Portugal, USA
04/2010 Record Hou ses 2010: A
world of the Unexpected 7 2 29% 4
China, Japan, the
Netherlands , Switzerland,
USA
04/2009 Record Hou ses 2009:
Blurring the Boundaries 8 4 50% 5 Japan, Malaysia, Spain, the
Netherlands , USA
Average 75 37%
C M L R S
349
Table 2. Architectural Record Magazine– Houses in USA
issue theme house
s
multilevel
living
room
space
%
05/2018 Record Hous es 2018 2 1 50%
06/2017 Record Hous es 2017 3 2 67%
04/2016 Record Hous es 2016 4 1 25%
04/2015 Record Hous es 2015 4 1 25%
04/2014 Record Hous es 2014 4 4 100%
04/2013 Record Hous es 2013 2 0 0%
04/2012 Record Hous es 2012 4 3 75%
04/2011 Record Hous es 2011 3 2 67%
04/2010 Record Hous es 2010: A
world of the Unexpected 3 1 33%
04/2009 Record Hous es 2009:
Blurring the Boundaries 4 2 50%
Average 49%
Table 3. Häuser Magazine– Houses throughout the world
issu e theme house
s
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries count ries
05/2018 Meh r Wohn lichkeit 7 2 29% 5 Aus tralia, Belguim, Germany,
the Neth erlands, Spain
06/2017 Helle Freude 7 3 43% 4 Canada, Germany, Spain,
USA
__/2016
__/2015
__/2014
__/2013
01/2012 "Wh at I'd do differently next
time" 6 1 17% 3 Germany, Portug al, USA
03/2011 Exemplary Scandinavia 7 3 43% 7
Denmark, Finland, Germany,
Norway, Sweden,
Switzerland, USA
02/2010 The Bes t of Today 's Hous es 7 3 43% 6
Belgium, Chile, Germany,
Mexico, the Netherlands ,
USA
02/2009 The Hou ses of the Year 7 2 29% 5
05/2007 Living in the Landsc ape 7 3 43% 6
Canada,Costa Rica, Czech
Republic, France, Germany,
Uruguay
02/2006 Inexpens ive Buildings 6 2 33% 4 Germany, Italy, Switzerland,
USA
04/2005 New Dream Villas 7 2 29% 4 Canada, Germany, South
Africa, Spain
Averag e 61 34%
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350
Table 4. Häuser Magazine– Houses in Germany
issue theme house
s
multilevel
living
room
space
%
05/2018 Mehr Wohnlichkeit 1 0 0%
06/2017 Helle Freude 2 1 50%
__/2016
__/2015
__/2014
__/2013
01/2012 "What I'd do differently next
time" 3 0 0%
03/2011 Exemplary Scandinavia 1 0 0%
02/2010 The Best of Today's Houses 2 1 50%
02/2009 The Houses of the Year 3 1 33%
05/2007 Living in the Landscape 2 1 50%
02/2006 Inexpensive Buildings 3 1 33%
04/2005 New Dream Villas 3 1 33%
Average 28%
Häuser Magazine
The Häuser magazine is a specialized professional periodical for “inter-
national architecture, design and lifestyle” (Häuser). It is a German magazine
and is part of the Schöner Wohnen group. It is a bi-monthly magazine, dedi-
cated exclusively to houses.
It has world coverage and about 30% of the houses are in Germany. Thus,
it will compensate for the lack of German houses in the previous magazine.
I planned to review a period of exactly 10 years starting from 2018 but I
was not able to secure issues from 2016 to 2013. That is why I extended the
period with three years back till 2005, because I had a lot of issues from that
period. I am convinced this subtle shift will not aect the result of the survey.
The books are selected from renowned professional publishers. All of
them are on the theme of houses. They were printed from 2010 to 1999, span-
ning a period of 11 years.
C M L R S
351
Books
Image 6. Publications– Books © Kliment Ivanov
In this paper, I review only houses that are designed by architects and
possess sucient architectural qualities to be published in a professional
magazine or album. These “hi-end” houses bridge the boundary between ar-
chitecture and art. Alas, there are many other examples, which do not belong
to this category, as “over 80 per cent of all private houses in Germany are
built without the participation of an architect. The figure is probably similar
in most other European countries.”. (Schittich, 2005, p. 9). I am certain that
in my country, Bulgaria, the percentage is also similar or even larger. Such
buildings should not be regarded as architectural designs but as mere con-
struction, utilitarian or survival projects.
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1. Construction and Design Manual:
Single-Family Houses
The book by Hans Homann and Werner Huthmacher was published
in 2010 by DOM Publishers. It is intended as a manual for design and con-
struction, as its title states, under the motto “Freedom to stay”. It includes a
dedicated selection of “villas and residences as prototypes of single-family
houses” (Homann & Huthmacher, 2010: 8), arranged according to the type
of their construction.
Table 5. Construction and Design Manual: Single-Family Houses
hou ses
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries coun tries
21 11 52% 4 Germany, Ireland, United Kingdom, USA
• Modern House Three
The book by Raul Barreneche was published in 2005 by Phaidon Press.
It reflects and documents the contemporary notion of the Modern house. The
houses featured in the book “deal with innovation in all its forms … they inte-
grate architecture and landscape, negotiate dicult urban sites, and explore
with new materials and energy-saving technologies” (Barreneche, 2005: 7).
Table 6. Modern House Three
hou ses
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries coun tries
33 15 45% 16
Argentina, Australia, Austria, Canada, China,
Denmark, Germany, Japan, Liechtenstein,
Mexico, the Netherlands, Peru, Spain, United
Kingdom, USA
• Houses Casas Häuser
The book by Alejandro Bahamon was published in 2005 by Köneman.
It “oers unique insights into more than 40 unusual and quite dierent ex-
amples of residential architecture from around the world” (Bahamon, 2005:
C M L R S
353
back). It is an extensive study on the theme of the dwelling, divided into four
categories: houses, attics, apartments and lofts. For the purpose of this paper,
I have taken into account the houses only.
Table 7. Houses Casas Häuser
hou ses
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries coun tries
13 10 77% 7 A us tralia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuado r, Japan,
Spain, Switzerland, USA
• Single Family Houses (in DETAIL)
The book edited by Christian Schittich was published in 2005 by Edi-
tion DETAIL and Birkhäuser. As an edition of DETAIL magazine, some of
the projects had been published in the magazine before but they had been
fully revised and expanded. The book is “organized according to construc-
tion materials [and] each house is presented in detail from the foundation to
the roof” (Schittich, 2005: back). It is a valuable source of knowledge for the
architects both on preliminary design and technical documentation.
Table 8. Single Family Houses (in DETAIL)
hou ses
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries coun tries
22 6 27% 10
Australia, Aus tria, Canada, Denmark,
Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal,
Switzerland, USA
• Modern House 2
The book by Claire Melhuish was published in 2000 by Phaidon Press.
It “comprises a survey of privately commissioned, architect-designed houses
across the world, most of which have been featured in the pages of interna-
tional magazines. Many of them have been designed … by architects … [with]
transnational reputations” (Melhuish, 2000: 4). In my opinion, the book con-
tains many of the houses that have become the architectural icons of our time.
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354
Table 9. Modern House 2
hou ses
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries coun tries
30 14 47% 17
Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile,
France, Germany, India, Japan, Mexico, the
Netherlands, New Zealand, Saudi Arabia,
Singapore, Switzerland, United Kingdom,
USA
• Single-Family Housing: The Private Domain
The book by Jaime Salazar and Manuel Gausa was published in 1999
by Birkhäuser and ACTAR. It is an attempt to take “an alternative look at the
issue of individual housing, understood as a privileged “laboratory” of new
architectonic ideas and experiments” (Salazar & Gausa, 1999: 6). It contains
an impressive amount of houses that are built and under construction, but
also of unbuilt house prototypes and personal study projects.
Table 10. Single-Family Housing: The Private Domain
hou ses
multilevel
living
room
sp ace
%coun-
tries coun tries
64 23 36% 12
Australia, Aus tria, Belgium, Finland, France,
Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Spain,
Switzerland, USA
C M L R S
355
Outcome
Image 7. OHLAB– MM House, 2015, Palma, Spain © José Hevia
Source: www.archdaily.com
When I started the research for this paper I had a preliminary idea about
the dissemination of the multilevel living room space in the contemporary
architectural practice based on my broad and long-time observation on the
professional press and periodicals. My initial expectation was that about
30% of the houses today did have such a space. The results show that the
percentage of houses with multilevel living room space is higher than my
initial forecast.
Häuser Magazine
Number of houses reviewed: 61
Percentage of houses with multilevel living room space: 34%
Architectural Record Magazine
Number of houses reviewed: 75
Percentage of houses with multilevel living room space: 37%
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356
According to Häuser magazine, representative for the whole world and
in particular of Europe, the percentage of the houses with multilevel living
room space is 34%. Only in Germany. it drops to 29%. According to Architec-
tural Record magazine, representative for the world and in particular of North
America, the percentage is higher and is 37%. In USA, it reaches up to 49%.
I admit that these results came as a surprise to me. I have always thought
USA had less houses with multilevel living room space than Germany. Obvi-
ously, these overall impressions can be misguided. This adds one more reason
for carrying out the research.
Books
Number of houses reviewed: 183
Percentage of houses with multilevel living room space: 47%
According to the professional books, the percentage of houses with
multilevel living room space is higher than according to the magazines–
47%. I recon one of the reasons is the more uniform world coverage in the
books. With the magazines the attention is more focused on the country of
origin of the publication (correspondingly on the continent) because they
rely to a large extent on the local audience. The books, on the contrary, are
published by international corporations, and they rely more on the interna-
tional audience. Another reason is the dierence in the process of selection
of the examples for publication. The ones in the magazines are selected by
much more people than these in the books. With the magazines, there is a
large editorial body, while with the books there are only the authors– usu-
ally one, two or three people. Thus, the magazines present a more general
view on the topic, whereas the books reflect the personal preferences of the
authors, who are usually trained as architects and are naturally in favor of
the high-quality architecture.
The paper is not intended to provide a statistical investigation of the
subject. Its purpose is to present an assessment of the current situation and
inform the general public and the architectural community. I expect that it
will serve as a basis for continued scientific research of the multilevel living
room space. I also hope that it will contribute to a more frequent future im-
plementation of it in the design practice and the actual construction.
The living room space on several levels in the houses is the epitome of
the “cool space” in our dwellings. It may sound like a slang expression and
probably not very scientific, but it is true! Regardless whether we talk about
C M L R S
357
an imposing posh mansion or a humble two-bedroom house, this type of
space is impressive and leaves long-lasting memories in those who visit it.
Acknowledgements
• Allcitationsareintheoriginalspelling.
• Alltranslationsaretheauthor’s,unlessotherwisestated.
• Allimagesareprocessedviaeditingandpost-productionsoftware
by the author for the purpose of this paper.
• Anearlyversionofthispaperintheformofaconferencereport,na-
med “Contemporary Multistorey Living Room Space”, was presented
at the bi-lingual International Conference “Villes en Transformation:
Défis, (Pre)visions, Perspectives / Changing Cities: Challenges, Pre-
dictions, Perspectives” at the New Bulgarian University (NBU), Sofia,
Bulgaria, on 18–20th October 2018.
• Additionalimagesofhouseswithmultilevellivingroomspacehave
been presented in the conference report:
Bates Masi + Architects– Underhill House, Matinecock, 2015, USA
© Michael Moran / source:
www.archdaily.com
Studio Gang– Brick Weave House, 2009, Chicago, USA © Steve Hall
/ source:
www.architecturalrecord.com
Jakob + MacFarlane Architects – The Connected House, 2016,
Boulogne-Billancourt, France © Roland Halbe / source:
www.jakob-
macfarlane.com
Scadaval & Solà-Morales– Sunflower House, 2014, Port de la Selva,
Girona, Spain © SandraPereznieto / source:
www.ca-so.com
Andrés Stebelski Arquitecto– House with Four Courtyards, 2013,
Mexico City, Mexico © Onnis Luque / source:
www.archdaily.com
Bohlin Cywinski Jackson– Lightbox, 2015, Point Roberts, United
States © Nic Lehoux / source: www.archdaily.com
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358
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Melhuish, C. 2000. Modern House 2. Phaidon Press.
Salazar, J., & Gausa, M. 1999. Single-Family Housing: The Private Domain. Basel,
Boston, Berlin, Barcelona: Birkhäuser & Actar.
Schittich, C. (Ed.). 2005. Single Family Houses (in DETAIL). Basel, Boston, Berlin:
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