Small Places, Large Networks: Transformation of Clientelism in Bulgaria

Abstract

This study is based on theoretical approaches that address clientelism as a universal strategy of the human behavior. What are the specific features of clientelism in Southeast Europe and in Bulgaria, in particular? How clientelism in Bulgaria has been transformed during different historical periods? Which are the main spheres of manifestation in the everyday life? These are the main research questions in this paper. The focuse is mainly on the period of socialism and post-socialist development. Political clientelism (the power of distinct political "clans" under socialism and their economic and political influence after the end of that era) is discussed, but also the everyday clientelism and opportunities for its transformation into corruption. Based on empirical data, the “use of social networks” and “social capital” are differenciated from clientelism (defined as "the use of public resources for private benefit") on the one hand, and of relations of patronage – on the other.